Cytopathology is a specialized field within pathology focused on studying cells to diagnose diseases, particularly cancer. By examining cell samples from various body sites—such as the respiratory tract, urinary tract, cervix, thyroid, and more—cytopathology helps detect abnormalities that may indicate infection, inflammation, or malignancy. Common techniques in cytopathology include fine-needle aspiration (FNA), exfoliative cytology (as used in Pap smears), and fluid cytology, where cells from body fluids like pleural or peritoneal fluids are analyzed.

In cytopathology, trained specialists meticulously observe cell samples under a microscope to identify morphological changes that suggest disease. Early detection of cancer through cytopathology plays a vital role in patient care, enabling prompt intervention and improving treatment outcomes. Additionally, cytopathology is useful in monitoring previously diagnosed cancer patients to assess treatment effectiveness and detect recurrence.